Here I will begin with an overview of the years leading up to 1841. Elsewhere I have blogged about the Nanfan Treaty of 1701, the Royal Proclamation of 1763, the Haldimand Proclamation of 1784, and the Simcoe Deed of 1793. For example, I noted the "Mohawk Deed" of 1787 where the Chiefs granted 999 year leases to various members of the Nelles, Young, Huff and Dochstader families, with the understanding that these lands were to "be possessed by their recipients forever", and "never to be transfered to any other". I know many members of these families who would be only too pleased to have these lands returned to them, however the lands were surrendered and sold (not necessarily in that order) and eventually the Crown deeds placed on title in the Land Registry Office in Cayuga, and many buyers of these lands have come along right up to the present day, counting on the validity and security of their registered title. This matter has been addressed in detail in previous blog posts.
Alas, the apparent order to things did not last, as will be seen in the Council Minutes below. Although Brant maintained that the lands belonged in whole to the Six Nations, as an independent people, this view was inconsistent with that of early proclamations, and with the view of Whitehall (the Crown) - particularly Governor Simcoe who was certain that if Brant got his way, American "Land Jobbers", such as those in New York State, would soon get their hands on these valuable lands and sell them to undesirable elements - none of which would be in the interest of the Crown, nor, Simcoe believed, that of the Six Nations. Simcoe wanted to eject all White people off Indian lands, but knew that the opposition from Brant was adamant, and that Brant wielded considerable power to influence affairs in the Colony. When the Colony caved in to Brant's demands, the latter began in 1789 to seek out buyers for the lands above present day Paris, to be sold in Blocks. Brant was aware that there was insufficient land to maintain a life of hunting, and that many of the Six Nations had not made progress on his vision of an agricultural utopia guided by some of his hand picked chums from "the old days". The only other way to obtain monies on which to survive was to use the resources on hand - which meant selling as much land as was required to obtain annuities which would result in interest payments to the Six Nations to supplement what they obtained from any hunting, fishing or other activities which brought in cash or barter.
Please refer to Charles M. Johnson, The Valley of the Six Nations: A Collection of Documents on the Indian Lands of the Grand River, Toronto, Champlain Society, 1964 for the best available collection of relevant records, and interpretation of their meaning. The chapters, C. "A Disputed Title", and D. "The White Man's Frontier" include most of the relevant papers to allow an informed assessment of the history of land transactions along the Grand River Tract. For a similar listing of relevant claims and records and the interpretation of the Six Nations Lands and Resources document, Six Nations of the Grand River: Land Rights, Financial Justice, Creative Solutions is included here.
Throughout the years after the death of Chief Joseph Brant in 1807, the Chiefs in Council were faced with many challenges. First, they had to determine what to do about the many "Brant Leases" which often pertained to large tracts of land, leased for 999 years for a yearly rent of one peppercorn. Clearly Brant wished to give these lands to the parties involved, but was blocked from doing so by the terms of the Simcoe Deed which barred him from gifting or selling land without the say so of the Crown. In the Crown's defence, they well knew that once land was sold in fee simple it was gone forever, and once the monies derived from the sale had been spent, there would be nothing left. Soon the Six Nations would be left impoverished. Since they has already seen it happening, it was realised that the process would snowball and ultimately the Six Nations, left penniless and without a land base, would be forced to move on - probably west to an uncertain future. This is not paternalistic, it is realistic - it was already a common practise, one which needed to be nipped in the bud if the Six Nations were to survive as a people.
It was really not until 1835 when the deeds were given formal Crown approval. In the meanwhile the situation in the Six Nations territory was becoming very chaotic. Individual Indians, for example in the lands of the Lower Cayuga and Delawares down River from the Nelles and Young settlements, would claim a section of land, make some "improvements" by clearing the land of trees and building a cabin, then would, when ready cash was needed, sell their improvements to White purchasers, giving them a deed in return. During the 1830s, members of the Lower Cayuga tribe sold their lands above present day Cayuga to buyers (largely David Thompson who built Ruthven), then moved across the River established a new Longhouse, and begin the whole process again, this time moving in the 1840s to the area of the Plank Road in Oneida Township, and within a short period of time selling these lands to White buyers to move to the consolidated Reserve after the squatters there had been cleared in 1847.
Some of the squatters had good deeds from Six Nations members and others had rather "iffy" titles if any. None the less, it became the responsibility of the Government, after numerous complaints by the Chiefs, to investigate the claims of the squatters on the lands that were to be reserved for the use of the Six Nations (e.g., in Tuscarora Township), compensate them if they could proved a valid claim, or ultimately eject them (seldom done in practice). This did not entirely work since many continued to dwell there for many years afterwards, some with the permission of the Six Nations, others more in the guise of defiant intransigent squatters. It is quite sobering to see how difficult it was to get rid of these elements within the lands of the Six Nations. It must be acknowledged that just as occurred in the Ohio country, despite the pleas of many Indians for the Government to take charge and eject those who were living on Treaty lands, many Indians were enablers, pleading to allow these Whites to remain - especially if they were purveyors of desired goods - such as liquor (a problem that loomed large in the 19th Century). It was the same situation at Six Nations.
In the Council Minutes of 1 March 1809 at Onondaga, the Chiefs examined every parcel of land known to be in the possession of Whites, and attempted to understand what rationale Chief Brant used to make his decisions, and factor in their own observations as to how each of these parties had behaved and whether they were good neighbours and were honouring the original terms of their deed. They accomplished this in terms of a set of resolutions that reflected their wishes pertaining to the farms. For example Mr. Mallory's claim was disallowed. The lands marked out for individuals such as Mr. Kennedy Smith they allowed, "because we were made acquained with it". However those at the Mt. Pleasant settlement were expected to occupy their lands based only on a 21 year lease, and after the expiry of same, the lands would revert to the Six Nations. Considering John Nelles, they did not know upon what basis he was given a "Brant Lease", and further that he had, "behaved very improper to some of our people", so they left it to the discretion of the Deputy Superintendent General as to whether to remove Nelles or ensure that he reforms. They also expressed concern that the grant to John Huff was for the good of his children born to a Delaware mother, but he was selling off the land, these sales to be forbidden, and the intruders to be ejected. They seemed particularly displeased with Mr. Canby who was sold land of John Dochstader, much more than they would approve of, but that as long as the monies were put into the hands of Dochstader's children, it would be consistent with their wishes. The farms possessed by said children (born to Six Nations mothers) were confirmed. The Chiefs further discussed the lands of Lord Selkirk and Mr. Dixon further down river, and sundry other plots of land and their view on what is legitimate and what should be approved. In this document, the 38 chiefs and warriors who signed also stated to the Crown agents that, We are tenacious of our lands because they are a gift from our beloved Father the King - and because we want to live under his protection - we are sorry that our Chiefs have hitherto been too lavish - and therefore desire to undo whatever we can without committing injustice (Johnston, 110-2). I have also seen the original to this document in the National Archives.
Soon thereafter, on 1 February 1812, the Administrator of Upper Canada, Isaac Brock, issued a Proclamation to the effect that it is illegal for White people to reside in Indian villages or on Indian lands without "due authority or licence". And whereas it is further represented to me that among the white people resident upon Indian Lands there are divers to whom it may be expedient to grant Licences to remain - All persons desirous to obtain such Licences are hereby required to report themselves to the Honourable William Claus His Majesty's Deputy Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, together with the Circumstances of the time place and condition of their respective residences (Johnston, pp. 113-4).
Brock's Proclamation triggered a flood of applications from those with Brant Leases, and others with Indian titles.
Following Johnston, and skipping to the Surrender of 1835 to pick up the thread of formal surrenders by the Six Nations (although gifts, leases and sales extend back to 1787), when on the 26th of March of that year, upon the recommendation of the Chiefs who met in Council 29 January 1835 at the Mohawk Village attended by James Winniett, Superintendant of Indian Affairs, the Chiefs or Principal Men of the Mohawk or Six Nations Indians residing, on the Grand River Tract," do surrender and yield up to Our Sovereign Lord the King's Most Excellent Majesty, His heirs and successors, all and singular the serveral parcels or tracts of land so leased or intended to be leased by the Captain Joseph Brant. The Six Nations surrendered, all the estate, right, title, interest, property, claim and demand whatsoever. It was further stated that the lands was surrendered by, the said Chiefs and Principal Men and of the said people of the Mohawks or Six Nations Indians and their posterity forever. This surrender was effected so that the Crown could issue free Crown Grants and Letters Patent to the leasees. I cannot see how this document could be any more clear.
Subsequently a procedure was established to validate all sales of land between individual Six Nations Indians and White buyers where the purchaser presented an application to the Indian Department, often with the Indian deed or suitable affidavit about the issuing of the deed, as well as a survey, and the matter was considered by the full Chiefs in Council. If the latter were satisfied that all was in order, they, and often the original grantor(s), would put their signatures on the document which the grantee would submit to the Superintendent of Indian Affairs or his representative, and a Crown deed for the property would be issued and the deed placed on title first with the Indian Office, then with the land titles office in the county where the parcel was located. I have personally seen hundreds of these documents, and examined the names of the Chiefs, correlating them to other documents such early census records at Six Nations. I can see no reason to question the deeds. The Chiefs always made note in the wording of the deed that the transaction was to be honoured by their descendants.
By 1840, the numbers of such deeds was staggering, it is a wonder that the Indian Department was relatively good at keeping record of just about everything. They tended to be excellent bureaucrats. IThere are excellent examples of the extreme diligence of members of the Indian Department and the staff whose job it was to keep organised records (Bill Russell, The White Man's Paper Burden: Aspects of Records Keeping in the Department of Indian Affairs, 1860-1914, Archivaria, 19, Winter 1984-85). The situation had also become chaotic, with Indians residing in scattered locations along the Grand River Tract, surrounded by increasing numbers of White neighbours with legal titles or not.
This brings us to the Surrender of 1841 - one of the most contentious documents in the history of Canada. It warrants its own blog post. I will include in this posting a consideration of a number of pertinent subsequent documents from 1841 to 1850.
DeYo.
Friday, 8 November 2013
Why Caledonia has become the Focus of so many Six Nations Protests
Caledonia is a small, rural community of about 10,000 individuals, situated along both banks of the Grand River south of Hamilton along old Highway 6. The end of town straddling the north bank of the Grand River is like any quaint Southern Ontario town of its size, with the main street (Argyll Street) lined with commercial buildings whose brick facades date back to the 19th Century, as seen in the following photo:
The southern half of Caledonia is very different from its northern aspect, however. Across the picturesque 9 spans of the bridge over the Grand River one finds that the "look" is much different. There are two early buildings which have been preserved, namely the Old Caledonia Mill (built circa 1853) and the Haldimand House (a wooden structure, now an antique store, built circa 1865). However much of the rest of the town along Argyll Street is the same sort of functional yet characterless sprawl of car dealerships, strip malls, and both the LCBO and The Beer Store (which for my American readers are the only places where alcoholic beverages can legally be purchased). It is also here that the schools and library are found. At the southern most aspect of Caledonia is the Zehr's grocery store and the Canadian Tire store. Then the great abyss - the lands most vulnerable to being the subject of "actions" by members of the Six Nations. It is here that developers had bought land in the 1990s, on which they planned to construct fairly large housing developments (well beyond 200 units). It is here at the "south end" that the events since February 2006 (the "reclamation" of Douglas Creek Estates), right up to October 2013 (the blockade of Highway 6 near the 5th Line), have all taken place. See here for the utter frustration of elected officials and others at the way in which the OPP handles such situations; and at Six Nations using Caledonia as a punching bag.
So the question might be posed, "why Caledonia"? In a few words, proximity and easy direct access to the Six Nations Reserve No. 40. Of course Brantford is also close, and includes a series of contested sites, but it is a medium sized city of almost 100,000 people, and 5 or more miles via a tangled network of roads from the Six Nations Reserve. The logistics of conducting a mass protest here more or less ensures that only relatively minor and local confrontations (as at Erie Ave. in the former Eagle's Nest Tract in November 2013 but largely involving two factions of Mohawks from Six Nations) will break out. Also the City has a critical mass of residents who could arrive en mass to surround the protest site. The entire dynamic is vastly different from what is seen at Caledonia.
The response of the Courts has also doubtless played a role in "toning down" things, at least to a degree. In 2008 Superior Court Justice Harrison Arrell rules that the efforts to stop development at the Wingate Site in Brantford by members of the Mohawk Workers, and the HDI (among others) were illegal, and the Court Injunction issued a fine in the amount of $325,000 levied against the defendants - see here. A more recent case heard by the Superior Court inolves the Mohawk Worker's attempt to stop development at Tutela Heights. Justice Arrell ruled that the developers, the Walton Group, are the rightful owners and thus issued an injunction preventing them from in any way disrupting the project. The developers are contemplating bringing suit of close to a million dollars against the primary defendants, including Bill Squire, and Ruby and Floyd Montour. This was in November 2012, see here.
So what about Hagersville? It is smaller in size than Caledonia, with a population of about 3,000, located 10 miles south of the latter along Highway 6 (the old Plank Road). It is situated at the southwest end of the Reserve, directly adjoining the Reserve, while Caledonia is situated even further from the Reserve boundaries, at the northwest end. It is here one finds the only hospital in the area. While "actions" have occurred here, such as that in 2007 at the site of the old Northview Elementary School, where the Editor of Turtle Island News was assaulted by a protester for reporting the facts of the events of late (see here). Things seemed to calm down, and little of any significant inconvenience really, except to the developer (although I may stand corrected on this). A likely major reason for backing off any further protests in Hagersville is the March 2009 Court ruling by The Honourable Mr. Justice J.R. Henderson that the Haudenosaunee Confederacy Council and the Men' Fire have no legal reason to block John Voortman & Associates from proceeding with the construction of the townhouse complex on Main Street. His lengthy reasoned argument included the fact that neither of the defendants (HCCC and HDI) had a legal right of any sort to the property.. Voortman et al., however possessed legal title. The Judge ordered the OPP to enforce the Court injunction (in other words forget about being "peacekeepers"), and permitted Voortman or associates to use "reasonable force" to eject the trespassers, as shown here.
One of the factors shielding Hagersville, and inhibiting protests, is that it abuts not the Six Nations Reserve, but the New Credit Reserve (Mississauga, Anisinnabe). It is the Six Nations who have a bone to pick, and it is just a bit too complicated and inconvenient in relation to Caledonia.
Thus Caledonia is the "perfect" spot to stage an effective and efficient protest. It has all the necessary ingredients, particularly the fact that within minutes, people from Six Nations could funnel across the Stirling Street Bridge (at one time, but it was torched by Natives during the 2006 protest), and particularly 6th line (closest) and 5th Line, or even the railway tracks for walkers. Ease of access. It is also vulnerable because its south side is only accessible to the north side via one single bridge. It has all the necessary ingredients. Twitter messages go out to Six Nations members from Turtle Island News and other sources and within literally minutes a critical mass can be assembed anywhere along the Highway 6 corridor between Caledonia and Hagersville. Given that fact, and knowing the topography of the area, I am not sure why the Ontario Provincial Police did not block the 5th and 6th Lines at the Reserve edge to prevent the amassing of large numbers of protesters in rapid time back in 2006. Of course hindsight is always 20/20.
The residents of Caledonia are in large part do not have long roots or a strong sense of "community" - nothing which would compare to the Six Nations Community. So people are as likely as not to do nothing, to leave matters to the police (that is a sick joke), or just ignore it and hope it will all go away soon. Only small groups of angry non-Native protesters have been able to challenge the will of the Six Nations people when as a group they feel threatened - whether the cause is just or not, is not the point. This will not change, so one does not have to be a rocket scientist to predict that any further significant protests by Six Nations activists are more likely to be staged at Caledonia than any other location in Ontario. An excellent example is the "parade" organized by Communist supporters of Six Nations, with some minimal Six Nations participation, which shut down Caledonia from the north to the south along Argyll Street in the spring of 2012. Lucky Caledonia.
The Six Nations have continually thumbed their noses at the Court Injunctions issued by the Ontario Superior Court, so we know that this will not work without the prospect of real policing, and real fines. Caledonia is perceived as a "tinderbox", and so what goes in Hagersville does not necessarily fly in Caledonia. Again, it is a combination of factors at play here, but simple geography would seem to be paramount in understanding the different responses.
Unless strong determined action such as the above is taken, one would not be in the least cynical to ask when will the next riot, parade, or protest happen? That remains to be seen - there appears to be no awareness by the "usual suspects" at all that Caledonia has been hard hit by these repeated protests, and that the humane thing to be would be to back away to let residents at least attain the "illusion" that things are better now, and that life can go one as it does with people who live in "normal" regions such as say Bowmanville or Port Hope. What must it be like to live in such a place, we in our dysfunctional part of Ontario can only dream.
Update: In a letter to the editor of The Sachem & Gazette dated November 14, 2013 (p. 6), entitled, "We need to take pride in our united community", Marnie Knight, a Haldimand County resident, makes some poignant comments. She used three examples, that of the Douglas Creek Estates "occupation", the Provincial Government's decision to "shove down our throats" the wind turbines, and the recent decision of Haldimand Council to close down one of the High Schools, to illustrate her point that by in large, people here don't get involved unless they are personally affected. I have seen the same tendency, and even the lack luster response of Caledonia to the "parade" of 2012 reflects the same lack of willingness to get involved - but in this case even when it was directly affecting the people there - with oursiders preparing to close down Argyll Street - no more than a handful were there to challenge the organizers. This is the Achilles heel that separates Haldimand County residents from the Community at Six Nations. With the latter, despite all the factionalism, if they feel that Community members are being threatened in some way, such as by the OPP in Caledonia in 2006, the word goes out via social media or telephone trees and bingo, cars are flooding down 5th and 6th Lines to engulf the parties seen as a threat. Hence the OPP were outnumbered by a very determined group of people and they saw no choice but to retreat. Does this sound in any even remote way as to what the citizens of Haldimand do in response to a threat? I can answer that from personal experience - NO. What I have seen is largely apathy, an unwillingness to get involved, and a wish that the whole thing would just go away. This rather than confront threats directly. The exception is the dedicated group of followers of 5 or so locals willing to challenge the Six Nations or the OPP, for example in relation to the latter, for the two - tiered policing system in place where "Aboriginals" are treated with kid gloves, while the Haldimand residents risk arrest for conducting themselves in the same way as the Native contingent. Double standard. Hyporicy. Most on this group in later blog posts. Thus I agree entirely with the author of the letter, that the mind set is, "oh well, it is not my problem". There seems to be no empathy for fellow citizens, nor a willingness to stand one's ground to fight tyranny. So Haldimand, you get what you deserve.
DeYo.
The southern half of Caledonia is very different from its northern aspect, however. Across the picturesque 9 spans of the bridge over the Grand River one finds that the "look" is much different. There are two early buildings which have been preserved, namely the Old Caledonia Mill (built circa 1853) and the Haldimand House (a wooden structure, now an antique store, built circa 1865). However much of the rest of the town along Argyll Street is the same sort of functional yet characterless sprawl of car dealerships, strip malls, and both the LCBO and The Beer Store (which for my American readers are the only places where alcoholic beverages can legally be purchased). It is also here that the schools and library are found. At the southern most aspect of Caledonia is the Zehr's grocery store and the Canadian Tire store. Then the great abyss - the lands most vulnerable to being the subject of "actions" by members of the Six Nations. It is here that developers had bought land in the 1990s, on which they planned to construct fairly large housing developments (well beyond 200 units). It is here at the "south end" that the events since February 2006 (the "reclamation" of Douglas Creek Estates), right up to October 2013 (the blockade of Highway 6 near the 5th Line), have all taken place. See here for the utter frustration of elected officials and others at the way in which the OPP handles such situations; and at Six Nations using Caledonia as a punching bag.
So the question might be posed, "why Caledonia"? In a few words, proximity and easy direct access to the Six Nations Reserve No. 40. Of course Brantford is also close, and includes a series of contested sites, but it is a medium sized city of almost 100,000 people, and 5 or more miles via a tangled network of roads from the Six Nations Reserve. The logistics of conducting a mass protest here more or less ensures that only relatively minor and local confrontations (as at Erie Ave. in the former Eagle's Nest Tract in November 2013 but largely involving two factions of Mohawks from Six Nations) will break out. Also the City has a critical mass of residents who could arrive en mass to surround the protest site. The entire dynamic is vastly different from what is seen at Caledonia.
The response of the Courts has also doubtless played a role in "toning down" things, at least to a degree. In 2008 Superior Court Justice Harrison Arrell rules that the efforts to stop development at the Wingate Site in Brantford by members of the Mohawk Workers, and the HDI (among others) were illegal, and the Court Injunction issued a fine in the amount of $325,000 levied against the defendants - see here. A more recent case heard by the Superior Court inolves the Mohawk Worker's attempt to stop development at Tutela Heights. Justice Arrell ruled that the developers, the Walton Group, are the rightful owners and thus issued an injunction preventing them from in any way disrupting the project. The developers are contemplating bringing suit of close to a million dollars against the primary defendants, including Bill Squire, and Ruby and Floyd Montour. This was in November 2012, see here.
So what about Hagersville? It is smaller in size than Caledonia, with a population of about 3,000, located 10 miles south of the latter along Highway 6 (the old Plank Road). It is situated at the southwest end of the Reserve, directly adjoining the Reserve, while Caledonia is situated even further from the Reserve boundaries, at the northwest end. It is here one finds the only hospital in the area. While "actions" have occurred here, such as that in 2007 at the site of the old Northview Elementary School, where the Editor of Turtle Island News was assaulted by a protester for reporting the facts of the events of late (see here). Things seemed to calm down, and little of any significant inconvenience really, except to the developer (although I may stand corrected on this). A likely major reason for backing off any further protests in Hagersville is the March 2009 Court ruling by The Honourable Mr. Justice J.R. Henderson that the Haudenosaunee Confederacy Council and the Men' Fire have no legal reason to block John Voortman & Associates from proceeding with the construction of the townhouse complex on Main Street. His lengthy reasoned argument included the fact that neither of the defendants (HCCC and HDI) had a legal right of any sort to the property.. Voortman et al., however possessed legal title. The Judge ordered the OPP to enforce the Court injunction (in other words forget about being "peacekeepers"), and permitted Voortman or associates to use "reasonable force" to eject the trespassers, as shown here.
One of the factors shielding Hagersville, and inhibiting protests, is that it abuts not the Six Nations Reserve, but the New Credit Reserve (Mississauga, Anisinnabe). It is the Six Nations who have a bone to pick, and it is just a bit too complicated and inconvenient in relation to Caledonia.
Thus Caledonia is the "perfect" spot to stage an effective and efficient protest. It has all the necessary ingredients, particularly the fact that within minutes, people from Six Nations could funnel across the Stirling Street Bridge (at one time, but it was torched by Natives during the 2006 protest), and particularly 6th line (closest) and 5th Line, or even the railway tracks for walkers. Ease of access. It is also vulnerable because its south side is only accessible to the north side via one single bridge. It has all the necessary ingredients. Twitter messages go out to Six Nations members from Turtle Island News and other sources and within literally minutes a critical mass can be assembed anywhere along the Highway 6 corridor between Caledonia and Hagersville. Given that fact, and knowing the topography of the area, I am not sure why the Ontario Provincial Police did not block the 5th and 6th Lines at the Reserve edge to prevent the amassing of large numbers of protesters in rapid time back in 2006. Of course hindsight is always 20/20.
The residents of Caledonia are in large part do not have long roots or a strong sense of "community" - nothing which would compare to the Six Nations Community. So people are as likely as not to do nothing, to leave matters to the police (that is a sick joke), or just ignore it and hope it will all go away soon. Only small groups of angry non-Native protesters have been able to challenge the will of the Six Nations people when as a group they feel threatened - whether the cause is just or not, is not the point. This will not change, so one does not have to be a rocket scientist to predict that any further significant protests by Six Nations activists are more likely to be staged at Caledonia than any other location in Ontario. An excellent example is the "parade" organized by Communist supporters of Six Nations, with some minimal Six Nations participation, which shut down Caledonia from the north to the south along Argyll Street in the spring of 2012. Lucky Caledonia.
The Six Nations have continually thumbed their noses at the Court Injunctions issued by the Ontario Superior Court, so we know that this will not work without the prospect of real policing, and real fines. Caledonia is perceived as a "tinderbox", and so what goes in Hagersville does not necessarily fly in Caledonia. Again, it is a combination of factors at play here, but simple geography would seem to be paramount in understanding the different responses.
Unless strong determined action such as the above is taken, one would not be in the least cynical to ask when will the next riot, parade, or protest happen? That remains to be seen - there appears to be no awareness by the "usual suspects" at all that Caledonia has been hard hit by these repeated protests, and that the humane thing to be would be to back away to let residents at least attain the "illusion" that things are better now, and that life can go one as it does with people who live in "normal" regions such as say Bowmanville or Port Hope. What must it be like to live in such a place, we in our dysfunctional part of Ontario can only dream.
Update: In a letter to the editor of The Sachem & Gazette dated November 14, 2013 (p. 6), entitled, "We need to take pride in our united community", Marnie Knight, a Haldimand County resident, makes some poignant comments. She used three examples, that of the Douglas Creek Estates "occupation", the Provincial Government's decision to "shove down our throats" the wind turbines, and the recent decision of Haldimand Council to close down one of the High Schools, to illustrate her point that by in large, people here don't get involved unless they are personally affected. I have seen the same tendency, and even the lack luster response of Caledonia to the "parade" of 2012 reflects the same lack of willingness to get involved - but in this case even when it was directly affecting the people there - with oursiders preparing to close down Argyll Street - no more than a handful were there to challenge the organizers. This is the Achilles heel that separates Haldimand County residents from the Community at Six Nations. With the latter, despite all the factionalism, if they feel that Community members are being threatened in some way, such as by the OPP in Caledonia in 2006, the word goes out via social media or telephone trees and bingo, cars are flooding down 5th and 6th Lines to engulf the parties seen as a threat. Hence the OPP were outnumbered by a very determined group of people and they saw no choice but to retreat. Does this sound in any even remote way as to what the citizens of Haldimand do in response to a threat? I can answer that from personal experience - NO. What I have seen is largely apathy, an unwillingness to get involved, and a wish that the whole thing would just go away. This rather than confront threats directly. The exception is the dedicated group of followers of 5 or so locals willing to challenge the Six Nations or the OPP, for example in relation to the latter, for the two - tiered policing system in place where "Aboriginals" are treated with kid gloves, while the Haldimand residents risk arrest for conducting themselves in the same way as the Native contingent. Double standard. Hyporicy. Most on this group in later blog posts. Thus I agree entirely with the author of the letter, that the mind set is, "oh well, it is not my problem". There seems to be no empathy for fellow citizens, nor a willingness to stand one's ground to fight tyranny. So Haldimand, you get what you deserve.
DeYo.
Thursday, 7 November 2013
Do the Mohawk have Special Status Among the Six Nations in Canada?
I have long heard it said that the Mohawks have a swagger, something of a chip on their shoulder. Perhaps this is due to being known as "skywalkers" from their famed skills as fearless iron workers on some of the tallest buildings in North America. Also they have been indispensable in the logging industry, and were known as famed canoeists in running the rapids - mostly along the St. Lawrence River. Well, what do the early historical records say about the power and prestige of the Mohawk?
In the earliest days of the Condederacy (some say beginning in the 12th Century, others the 15th Century), it was the Mohawk Hayonwaghtha who worked with the Huron (Wyandot) Dekanawida, to establish the Five Nations Confederacy to bring peace to the then Five Nations of what is today Upstate New York. Since then, in the roster of Chiefs, the Mohawk are first on the list. The Mohawk became known as the "keepers of the eastern door" of the metaphorical longhouse. This was to be a key position since when the Dutch first became established in the area after 1608, it was the Mohawks who were able to establish a primacy in trade relations with the people of Fort Orange (Albany) and later Schenectady - after eliminating or weakening the role of their rivals the Mahicans. To trade with the Dutch, others of the Six Nations had to cross Mohawk territory. The Mohawk were frequently used as middlemen to transport goods to French Canada - this being technically smuggling as there was supposed to be no trade with the enemy France.
Mohawks had always had a fearsome reputation as warriors. If their presence was detected in enemy territory often tribes fled in fear. Their raiding (for loot and captives) extended from the New England States in the east, to Hudson's Bay in the north, to Michigan in the west, and to North Carolina in the south. Some say that the word Mohawk (Maquasse) etc., means "man eater", although this is not confirmed by any reliable source. The Mohawk call themselves, Kanienkayhaga or "People of the Flint" (likely referring to the Herkimer diamonds found in their territory). Some of the individual Chiefs of the Mohawks were the most powerful of any in dealings with the French, Dutch and the British successors to the latter. Two examples are Chief Hendrick Thayanoguen who was known as "King Hendrick", whose power was so great that in 1753 he was able to break the Covenant Chain. Then there was Chief Joeph Brant Thayendinagea, a Captain in the British Military who was considered head chief of all the Six Nations and allied tribes. Brant was the one who assisted the move from New York to Ontario after the American Revolution. He pretty well called the shots. It was he who dignitaries wished to see for any matter involving the Six Nations. It was Brant who in 1796 was given power of attorney for Six Nations land dealings.
The Haldimand Proclamation of 1784 reads that due to the, early Attachment to His [Majesty's] Cause manifested by the Mohawk Indians, & Loss of their Settlement they thereby sustained that a Convenient Tract of Land under His Protection should be chosen as a Safe & Comfortable Retreat for them & others of the Six Nations who have either lost their Settlements within the Territory of the American States, or wish to retire from them to the British ..... (Johnston, pp. 50-1). This appears that the Haldimand Tract was first and foremost given to the Mohawk, but others could join them if they wished.
The first deed at Six Nations was signed in 1787, and is known as the "Mohawk Deed" (it was written in the Mohawk language) whereby land was leased to certain Loyalist colleagues already settled there for 999 years (to his consternation, Brant was not permitted to gift or sell the land as according to the Crown the Six Nations did not possess it in fee simple). It was signed by 9 Mohawks, but only 12 other Six Nations and one Delaware.
The Mohawk Village was the hub of the Six Nations Tract, with the Council House being situated there. There is the Mohawk Chapel built in 1786 (the first Protestant Church built in what is today Ontario), and the Mohawk Institute, a church run school which ultimately became the Woodland Cultural and Educational Centre.
In all years since their arrival in 1784, the Mohawk far outnumbered any other group of Six Nations along the River, unless one combined the Upper and Lower Cayuga (e.g., Census of 1810, Johnston, p. 281). Although the most numerous of the non Six Nations (Iroquoian) people at Six Nations, in the past there was no egalitarianism. The Delawares were frequently reminded by the Mohawk that they were under the direct control of the Six Nations, and should consider themselves nothing more than women (something that today would be considered sexist, and denying the undisputed role of women as Clan Mothers in Iroquoian society). Later deeds, even at Six Nations, referred to the Delaware as, "Our Nephews". Second class citizens?
In Ontario, the list of Iroquoian - speaking Reserves includes, Six Nations, Tyendinaga (Mohawk) in Hastings County, part of Akwesasne (Mohawk) near Cornwall, Wahta / Gibson (Mohawk) in Muskoka District, and Oneida of the Thames. The Mohawk do seem to predominate in the Province.
In the 19th Century the Six Nations most familiar to the Indian Department, the general community, and frequently Six Nations too, are individual such as George Martin, Chief John (Smoke) Johnson, Chief G.H.M. Johnson, Pauline Johnson, Dr. Oronhyateka - all Mohawks. There is no denying that Chiefs such as Deskaheh (Cayuga), and John A. Gibson (Seneca) were much respected locally, and did have a wider constituency. The former was an advocate for the Confederacy at the League of Nations; and the latter was known in lacross circles, and more generally by anthropologists as the person most knowledgeable in the rituals and constitution of the Confederacy.
At Six Nations today one sees the presence of two particular, but very different, Mohawk bodies - the Mohawk Warriors and the Mohawk Workers. These two will be the focus of a subsequent blog post.
So are the Mohawks in effect the "head of the Six Nations" at Six Nations (Reserve No. 40), or is it a much more egalitarian situation than the evidence above would suggest?
DeYo.
In the earliest days of the Condederacy (some say beginning in the 12th Century, others the 15th Century), it was the Mohawk Hayonwaghtha who worked with the Huron (Wyandot) Dekanawida, to establish the Five Nations Confederacy to bring peace to the then Five Nations of what is today Upstate New York. Since then, in the roster of Chiefs, the Mohawk are first on the list. The Mohawk became known as the "keepers of the eastern door" of the metaphorical longhouse. This was to be a key position since when the Dutch first became established in the area after 1608, it was the Mohawks who were able to establish a primacy in trade relations with the people of Fort Orange (Albany) and later Schenectady - after eliminating or weakening the role of their rivals the Mahicans. To trade with the Dutch, others of the Six Nations had to cross Mohawk territory. The Mohawk were frequently used as middlemen to transport goods to French Canada - this being technically smuggling as there was supposed to be no trade with the enemy France.
Mohawks had always had a fearsome reputation as warriors. If their presence was detected in enemy territory often tribes fled in fear. Their raiding (for loot and captives) extended from the New England States in the east, to Hudson's Bay in the north, to Michigan in the west, and to North Carolina in the south. Some say that the word Mohawk (Maquasse) etc., means "man eater", although this is not confirmed by any reliable source. The Mohawk call themselves, Kanienkayhaga or "People of the Flint" (likely referring to the Herkimer diamonds found in their territory). Some of the individual Chiefs of the Mohawks were the most powerful of any in dealings with the French, Dutch and the British successors to the latter. Two examples are Chief Hendrick Thayanoguen who was known as "King Hendrick", whose power was so great that in 1753 he was able to break the Covenant Chain. Then there was Chief Joeph Brant Thayendinagea, a Captain in the British Military who was considered head chief of all the Six Nations and allied tribes. Brant was the one who assisted the move from New York to Ontario after the American Revolution. He pretty well called the shots. It was he who dignitaries wished to see for any matter involving the Six Nations. It was Brant who in 1796 was given power of attorney for Six Nations land dealings.
The Haldimand Proclamation of 1784 reads that due to the, early Attachment to His [Majesty's] Cause manifested by the Mohawk Indians, & Loss of their Settlement they thereby sustained that a Convenient Tract of Land under His Protection should be chosen as a Safe & Comfortable Retreat for them & others of the Six Nations who have either lost their Settlements within the Territory of the American States, or wish to retire from them to the British ..... (Johnston, pp. 50-1). This appears that the Haldimand Tract was first and foremost given to the Mohawk, but others could join them if they wished.
The first deed at Six Nations was signed in 1787, and is known as the "Mohawk Deed" (it was written in the Mohawk language) whereby land was leased to certain Loyalist colleagues already settled there for 999 years (to his consternation, Brant was not permitted to gift or sell the land as according to the Crown the Six Nations did not possess it in fee simple). It was signed by 9 Mohawks, but only 12 other Six Nations and one Delaware.
The Mohawk Village was the hub of the Six Nations Tract, with the Council House being situated there. There is the Mohawk Chapel built in 1786 (the first Protestant Church built in what is today Ontario), and the Mohawk Institute, a church run school which ultimately became the Woodland Cultural and Educational Centre.
In all years since their arrival in 1784, the Mohawk far outnumbered any other group of Six Nations along the River, unless one combined the Upper and Lower Cayuga (e.g., Census of 1810, Johnston, p. 281). Although the most numerous of the non Six Nations (Iroquoian) people at Six Nations, in the past there was no egalitarianism. The Delawares were frequently reminded by the Mohawk that they were under the direct control of the Six Nations, and should consider themselves nothing more than women (something that today would be considered sexist, and denying the undisputed role of women as Clan Mothers in Iroquoian society). Later deeds, even at Six Nations, referred to the Delaware as, "Our Nephews". Second class citizens?
In Ontario, the list of Iroquoian - speaking Reserves includes, Six Nations, Tyendinaga (Mohawk) in Hastings County, part of Akwesasne (Mohawk) near Cornwall, Wahta / Gibson (Mohawk) in Muskoka District, and Oneida of the Thames. The Mohawk do seem to predominate in the Province.
In the 19th Century the Six Nations most familiar to the Indian Department, the general community, and frequently Six Nations too, are individual such as George Martin, Chief John (Smoke) Johnson, Chief G.H.M. Johnson, Pauline Johnson, Dr. Oronhyateka - all Mohawks. There is no denying that Chiefs such as Deskaheh (Cayuga), and John A. Gibson (Seneca) were much respected locally, and did have a wider constituency. The former was an advocate for the Confederacy at the League of Nations; and the latter was known in lacross circles, and more generally by anthropologists as the person most knowledgeable in the rituals and constitution of the Confederacy.
At Six Nations today one sees the presence of two particular, but very different, Mohawk bodies - the Mohawk Warriors and the Mohawk Workers. These two will be the focus of a subsequent blog post.
So are the Mohawks in effect the "head of the Six Nations" at Six Nations (Reserve No. 40), or is it a much more egalitarian situation than the evidence above would suggest?
DeYo.
The Six Nations and the Royal Proclamation of 1763
Frankly I had forgotten, or was not aware, that the Proclamation of 1763 had any great significance to the Six Nations. However there is a fascinating U-Tube video which documents the many First Nations people who went to London this year to mark the 250 year anniversary of this treaty. By in large, when anything relating to land is discussed here, the Nanfan Treaty of 1701 and the Surrender of 1844 are the documents that are front and centre. The video can be seen here.
It is unclear to me why this Proclamation should be considered of such importance to the present day.
The key parts of the Proclamation are reproduced on page 70 in Johnston's, Valley of the Six Nations, referred to in a number of earlier blog posts. Basically considering that many White squatters had been illegally occupying lands claimed by Indian Nations, the Crown attempted to put the brakes on this practise to protect the interests of the Natives. The Crown asserted that, no private Person do presume to make any Purchase from the said Indians of any Lands reserved to said Indians, within those parts of our Colonies where, We have thought proper to allow Settlement; but that, if at any Time any of the said Indians should be inclined to dispose of the said Lands, the same shall be Purchased only for Us in our Name, at some public Meeting or Assembly of the said Indians, to be held for that Purpose by the Governor or Commander in Chief of our Colony respectively within which they shall lie; .....
A complete version of this Proclamation, included in Horsnell's (2010) article (referred to in previous blog postings). Here it also, importantly, that, We do further declare it to be Our Royal Will and Pleasure, for the present as aforsaid, to reserve under our Sovereignty, Protection, and Dominion, for the use of said Indians, all Lands and Territories not included within the Limits of Our said Three new Governments, ....... (Appendix 2, p. 27).
So basically the Crown claimed sovereignty and dominion over the Indians within its domains, and thus the earlier Two Row Wampum and Covenant Chain concepts of two separate peoples, were not in effect. The Native peoples were subjects of the British Crown. There appeared no hue and cry from any at the time, so one must assume that there was a general acceptance of the terms of the Proclamation. this is reinforced by the First Nations of Canada visiting Britain to honour the Proclamation, suggesting that they have accepted its terms.
In effect, the only possible way to control to problem of White settlers occupying Indian lands was to assert that the Crown was the only legitimate agent to address land matters. White settlers needed a deed from the Crown to validate any claims they might have. Alas, neither this nor the Quebec Act of 1774 could stop the tide of American settlers from illegally occupying Indian lands.
Again, I fail to see what the Proclamation of 1763 does that has not been undone subsequently by for example the American Revolution where the American Republic replaced the British as the formal authority in the region after the Treaty of Fort Stanwix of 1784. What did remain, however, is that the Crown still asserted dominion over the lands of what is today Ontario.
DeYo.
It is unclear to me why this Proclamation should be considered of such importance to the present day.
The key parts of the Proclamation are reproduced on page 70 in Johnston's, Valley of the Six Nations, referred to in a number of earlier blog posts. Basically considering that many White squatters had been illegally occupying lands claimed by Indian Nations, the Crown attempted to put the brakes on this practise to protect the interests of the Natives. The Crown asserted that, no private Person do presume to make any Purchase from the said Indians of any Lands reserved to said Indians, within those parts of our Colonies where, We have thought proper to allow Settlement; but that, if at any Time any of the said Indians should be inclined to dispose of the said Lands, the same shall be Purchased only for Us in our Name, at some public Meeting or Assembly of the said Indians, to be held for that Purpose by the Governor or Commander in Chief of our Colony respectively within which they shall lie; .....
A complete version of this Proclamation, included in Horsnell's (2010) article (referred to in previous blog postings). Here it also, importantly, that, We do further declare it to be Our Royal Will and Pleasure, for the present as aforsaid, to reserve under our Sovereignty, Protection, and Dominion, for the use of said Indians, all Lands and Territories not included within the Limits of Our said Three new Governments, ....... (Appendix 2, p. 27).
So basically the Crown claimed sovereignty and dominion over the Indians within its domains, and thus the earlier Two Row Wampum and Covenant Chain concepts of two separate peoples, were not in effect. The Native peoples were subjects of the British Crown. There appeared no hue and cry from any at the time, so one must assume that there was a general acceptance of the terms of the Proclamation. this is reinforced by the First Nations of Canada visiting Britain to honour the Proclamation, suggesting that they have accepted its terms.
In effect, the only possible way to control to problem of White settlers occupying Indian lands was to assert that the Crown was the only legitimate agent to address land matters. White settlers needed a deed from the Crown to validate any claims they might have. Alas, neither this nor the Quebec Act of 1774 could stop the tide of American settlers from illegally occupying Indian lands.
Again, I fail to see what the Proclamation of 1763 does that has not been undone subsequently by for example the American Revolution where the American Republic replaced the British as the formal authority in the region after the Treaty of Fort Stanwix of 1784. What did remain, however, is that the Crown still asserted dominion over the lands of what is today Ontario.
DeYo.
Wednesday, 6 November 2013
Was the Douglas Creek Estates Take Over by the Six Nations a Reclamation or an Illegal Acquisition?
The answer to the above question is, it depends on who you ask. Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately, I am not sure) I was not present, I was at a College south of Syracuse, and could not take time away in order to find out first hand what was happening in my ancestral homeland. It was spring break before the opportunity presented itself to come back and see what had transpired. There was simply a ghastly mess (which remains to this day), and two security guards in a vehicle installed at the power station nearby for 24 hours a day - this "feature" was only removed about a year ago. It was all very surreal - very hard to process what had happened, but there was the realisation that the wedge between the two communities was driven much deeper. The only consolation was that my beloved Grand River continue to flow as if nothing had happened. It was oblivious to the suffering on one side, and the triumph on the other.
As far as the owners of the Douglas Creek Estates (DCE) land from 1992 to 2006, Henco Industries Ltd. were concerned, the work stoppage and eventual take over of the 40 acres of land which is on title in the Haldimand County Land Registry Office can be one thing and one thing only. It was an illegal move that in any civilised society would have resulted in the land being returned to those who possesses legal title. End of story, or so one might expect. That may work in say Kingston, but in Caledonia - no.
As I continue to read documents found on websites maintained by various Six Nations groups, the ultimate goal of the most radical element is to have the entire Grand River watershed returned to them - as absurd as that may sound to some readers. Take note residents of Waterloo or Guelph, you may become the next "target" - although it is much more difficult logistically to move enough resources that far from the Reserve to effect some sort of action as happened in Caledonia in 2006. Brantford, well that is another story. It is close to the present - day Reserve, and there are a large number of small to large claims related to that area. I am sure that the residents of Caledonia would not wish any owner of what Six Nations has "selected to be" in the category of "disputed land" to be put in the position they were in - but it would likely take some of the heat off Haldimand County. So, realistically, for the next few years it is the counties of Brant and Haldimand who have to look back at what occurred in Caledonia in 2006 and wonder whether that could happen in their neighbourhood. Caledonia has lived under the "sword of Damocles" since 2006, and there is absolutely no sign that things will change. It seems that the owner of the McKenzie Meadows property realised what was in store for their group, so they negotiated a deal (where money changes hands) to have a better chance at developing their property. A problem may be, however, that some of the more intransigent radicals at Six Nations may not honour the deal made by the Six Nations Elected Chiefs, and "Caledonia 2014" may be in the offing.
So once again, many if not most at Six Nations, despite multiple rulings from multiple Federal and Provincial Courts, as well as the Federal Government, will not nor will they likely ever, honour the various deeds of surrender signed by their ancestors in the years between 1841 to 1848. Somehow, despite the clearest possible wording, the belief still stands that these lands were never alienated and so any take over of lands within the Haldimand Tract, particularly those on which homes have not already been constructed, is justifiable.
So the bottom line is that the Federal Government of Canada and Provincial Government of Canada, as well as the municipal officials in Haldimand County all realise that the take over of the DCE property was an illegal act, and the DCE property was an illegal acquisition. However, the matter is considered "sensitive", and there is a wish not to ruffle feathers in the matter, so better just quietly have the Province of Ontario purchase the land and quietly negotiate a deal with Six Nations as to what to do with the land. Why can the land not simply be turned back to the legal owner? Because it carries too much baggage. It is an albatross, so will be used as a sacrificial lamb to appease the radicals at Six Nations and their noisy communist - inspired White supporters. I agree, despite what is right and just, it is a tainted piece of land. It will likely never be developed as a housing site. Who knows what will become of it. Perhaps the Province will just sit on it as they have done with the thousands of acres purchased in South Cayuga in the 1970s - land that is ripe for becoming a wind generator farm. Will the DCE then ever become the site of this sort of "green" (actually anything but) initiative? Perhaps, but in my opinion only a solar panel "farm" would be acceptable since wind generators are ugly monstrosities that no one at Six Nations or Caledonia wants in their back yard.
The perspective of the Six Nations involved with the "reclamation" of the DCE lands will argue that these are their lands, unceded "Plank Road" (Claim 5) lands. So that the taking of what is by law private property, is to the Six Nations an almost sacred act of reclaiming what is and always has been, theirs. The local press promulgated the view that this was rightful land, that the OPP were using brutal tactics in the attempt to arrest law breakers and that joining the "fight" was necessary to protect the Community. See the publication, Douglas Creek Reclamation: A Pictorial History, Turtle Island News, Ohsweken, 2007. A copy of this publication can be ordered via their website at www.turtleislandnews.com. It provides, in addition to a very detailed pictoral record, a rationale as to why this action was right and just, and an overview of other related injustices.
By giving the property a name to reflect its landmark history, Kanonhstaton, and talking about seeing the ghostly shapes of ancestors and hearing the sound of horses hooves, they have sealed the fate of this land parcel, and made it sacred. I just can't see someone on the Government side who will emerges with the gumption to use the laws of Canada to force the issue. I don't think this is going to happen. Might as well bid farewell to DCE, and accept what the sign at the entrance says, "Welcome to Six Nations". Whether it is truly just, or not is immaterial. Those who were there now feel the place is special. It is where the Six Nations came together in unprecedented numbers with a "we won't take it any longer" attitude. The old chestnut of 1924, when many believe that the Canadian Government unilaterally forced the switch from a hereditary system of governance to and elected system that fit with Canadian values, has been brought up as a justification. In many cases it does not matter what the truth is, perception is reality and old beliefs and old sores always lurking beneath the surface came to a head - and there is no going back. This is one of the very few instances where almost the entire community came together as one, and where the perennial problem of factionalism vanished as the morning mists before the sun.
DeYo.
As far as the owners of the Douglas Creek Estates (DCE) land from 1992 to 2006, Henco Industries Ltd. were concerned, the work stoppage and eventual take over of the 40 acres of land which is on title in the Haldimand County Land Registry Office can be one thing and one thing only. It was an illegal move that in any civilised society would have resulted in the land being returned to those who possesses legal title. End of story, or so one might expect. That may work in say Kingston, but in Caledonia - no.
As I continue to read documents found on websites maintained by various Six Nations groups, the ultimate goal of the most radical element is to have the entire Grand River watershed returned to them - as absurd as that may sound to some readers. Take note residents of Waterloo or Guelph, you may become the next "target" - although it is much more difficult logistically to move enough resources that far from the Reserve to effect some sort of action as happened in Caledonia in 2006. Brantford, well that is another story. It is close to the present - day Reserve, and there are a large number of small to large claims related to that area. I am sure that the residents of Caledonia would not wish any owner of what Six Nations has "selected to be" in the category of "disputed land" to be put in the position they were in - but it would likely take some of the heat off Haldimand County. So, realistically, for the next few years it is the counties of Brant and Haldimand who have to look back at what occurred in Caledonia in 2006 and wonder whether that could happen in their neighbourhood. Caledonia has lived under the "sword of Damocles" since 2006, and there is absolutely no sign that things will change. It seems that the owner of the McKenzie Meadows property realised what was in store for their group, so they negotiated a deal (where money changes hands) to have a better chance at developing their property. A problem may be, however, that some of the more intransigent radicals at Six Nations may not honour the deal made by the Six Nations Elected Chiefs, and "Caledonia 2014" may be in the offing.
So once again, many if not most at Six Nations, despite multiple rulings from multiple Federal and Provincial Courts, as well as the Federal Government, will not nor will they likely ever, honour the various deeds of surrender signed by their ancestors in the years between 1841 to 1848. Somehow, despite the clearest possible wording, the belief still stands that these lands were never alienated and so any take over of lands within the Haldimand Tract, particularly those on which homes have not already been constructed, is justifiable.
So the bottom line is that the Federal Government of Canada and Provincial Government of Canada, as well as the municipal officials in Haldimand County all realise that the take over of the DCE property was an illegal act, and the DCE property was an illegal acquisition. However, the matter is considered "sensitive", and there is a wish not to ruffle feathers in the matter, so better just quietly have the Province of Ontario purchase the land and quietly negotiate a deal with Six Nations as to what to do with the land. Why can the land not simply be turned back to the legal owner? Because it carries too much baggage. It is an albatross, so will be used as a sacrificial lamb to appease the radicals at Six Nations and their noisy communist - inspired White supporters. I agree, despite what is right and just, it is a tainted piece of land. It will likely never be developed as a housing site. Who knows what will become of it. Perhaps the Province will just sit on it as they have done with the thousands of acres purchased in South Cayuga in the 1970s - land that is ripe for becoming a wind generator farm. Will the DCE then ever become the site of this sort of "green" (actually anything but) initiative? Perhaps, but in my opinion only a solar panel "farm" would be acceptable since wind generators are ugly monstrosities that no one at Six Nations or Caledonia wants in their back yard.
The perspective of the Six Nations involved with the "reclamation" of the DCE lands will argue that these are their lands, unceded "Plank Road" (Claim 5) lands. So that the taking of what is by law private property, is to the Six Nations an almost sacred act of reclaiming what is and always has been, theirs. The local press promulgated the view that this was rightful land, that the OPP were using brutal tactics in the attempt to arrest law breakers and that joining the "fight" was necessary to protect the Community. See the publication, Douglas Creek Reclamation: A Pictorial History, Turtle Island News, Ohsweken, 2007. A copy of this publication can be ordered via their website at www.turtleislandnews.com. It provides, in addition to a very detailed pictoral record, a rationale as to why this action was right and just, and an overview of other related injustices.
By giving the property a name to reflect its landmark history, Kanonhstaton, and talking about seeing the ghostly shapes of ancestors and hearing the sound of horses hooves, they have sealed the fate of this land parcel, and made it sacred. I just can't see someone on the Government side who will emerges with the gumption to use the laws of Canada to force the issue. I don't think this is going to happen. Might as well bid farewell to DCE, and accept what the sign at the entrance says, "Welcome to Six Nations". Whether it is truly just, or not is immaterial. Those who were there now feel the place is special. It is where the Six Nations came together in unprecedented numbers with a "we won't take it any longer" attitude. The old chestnut of 1924, when many believe that the Canadian Government unilaterally forced the switch from a hereditary system of governance to and elected system that fit with Canadian values, has been brought up as a justification. In many cases it does not matter what the truth is, perception is reality and old beliefs and old sores always lurking beneath the surface came to a head - and there is no going back. This is one of the very few instances where almost the entire community came together as one, and where the perennial problem of factionalism vanished as the morning mists before the sun.
DeYo.
The Police and Government as Enablers at Six Nations Protests
Just because some Six Nations group believes a particular cause is just does not make it so. Similarly, just because one believes they are in the right can only be assessed in light of the laws of the land. We live in the country of Canada, Province of Ontario. While some at Six Nations may believe that they are exempt from these laws because they are a sovereign people, this belief does not give them a permit to behave as if they belong to an autonomous body and flaunt the laws that govern all within the country - unless they perhaps begin to refuse to accept any money from Canadian taxpayers. If I believe that I, for example, have some God given right to not pay taxes, and act according, I should expect that the weight of the law will come down on me. I will have the right to challenge it in Court, but the burden of proof is on my shoulders. While by law Six Nations members have some entrenched rights with respect to not paying certain taxes, it is incumbent on them to pay those that they are not exempted from paying. By in large, however, we are all bound by the civil and criminal laws that were made to protect us from harm and facilitate the concept of "peace, order and good Government" which applies as an byproduct of the laws and legal system that evolved from British Common Law.
The events of 28 February 2006 were probably amongst the most dramatic and devastating ever witnessed in this part of Canada, although the crisis at Kanesatake (Oka) in Quebec were in another league due to the level of physical violence and use of an arsenal of weapons.
In 2006 the OPP did not even protect their own officers or other first responders or reporters but stood immobile while Six Nations members zoomed around on ATVs thumbing their noses at one and all. It is not my intention to go over the many many examples of this behaviour on the part of the OPP. A book set to be released by Gary McHale on 9 November 2013 will provide a lot more information. It is entitled, Victory in the No Go Zone: Winning the Fight Against Two - Tiered Policing, Toronto, Freedom Press. I am eager to hear what he has to say. While McHale may be a polarising influence (as some politicians and others have asserted), he and a few others are the only ones to actively pursue the failure of the OPP to do their duty and keep this important issue in the public spotlight. Please read the book by Christie Blatchford discussed in an earlier blog for a better understanding of the abuse of local residents and the role of the OPP and the Government.
To be fair, the OPP did initially attempt to conduct themselves as upholders of the law in Ontario, and their early actions speak loudly at their resolve to carry out their duties, as can be seen to some degree in the video here. In fact, though, they were out of their element. They were outnumbered, outmanoeuvred, and ultimately embarrassed by the increasing throngs that swarmed in from nearby Six Nations to protect members from arrest. Without using strong force, and then almost inevitably being accused of "police brutality", they were beat. They left with their tail between their legs, something that to this day engenders pride in members of the Six Nations. See, Douglas Creek Reclamation: A Pictorial History, Turtle Island News, 2007 (www.turtleislandnews.com) for a very graphic look at what happened in the early days of the "Caledonia crisis".
Despite the numerous protests or actions orchestrated by citizens of Caledonia and local residents since 2006, nothing changes. Attempts have been made to challenge the "right" of Six Nations make claims and demands that have no support in fact - or if they do, the facts have not been presented so that all could evaluate them. Citizens have tried to, for example, place a Canadian flag on the barricades to the former DCE property, to request an apology from Six Nations, to walk on lands that on survey are public, to protest code violations on shops established on "reclaimed" lands, to rally to assert the rights of "regular" Canadian citizens to protest, to test the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, to question "racist" policing, and so on - all largely to no avail.
The protests in the area continued, and the local residents could obtain no respite from the constant harassment now being orchestrated from the DCE, which became kind of a launching pad for insurrection. In 2008 more blockades and more protests, and more Government and OPP inaction. See here.
Mess with Six Nations on any of these issues and you will face an angry nest of wasps, asserting their "rights", frequently propped up by their radical leftist White radical "supporters". Imagine a situation where at any time the Six Nations wishes to disrupt the lives of tax paying citizens of Haldimand or Brant Counties, they appear to have free rein to do so. This was most recently (17 October 2013) shown in the gathering of 150 from the Reserve to shut down Highway 6 south of Caledonia to protest a matter happening in the Province of New Brunswick. Just as has happened time and time again (witnessed by my own eyes), each time those whose role it is to serve and protect in Haldimand County, the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) have abrogated their responsibility. I have been told by officers that their role is as "peacekeeper". Meanwhile the OPP threaten anyone they think may not be Six Nations with arrest if their orders are not obeyed. Officers of the Aboriginal Negotiating Team will, if available, stand in the way of a direct face to face confrontation. In the distance, members of the Six Nations laugh (again I have witnessed this over and over) - they know that the OPP will not protect the citizens, but will simply attempt to keep the local citizens from coming anywhere near the location of the protest. The right of local citizens to protest is not respected, the right of Six Nations to protest (even if the protest is highly disruptive) is protected by the OPP. Two tiered policing. It is a sick joke to any who have watched this in motion. So the old expression from the movie, "Star Wars" takes on a new significance. "May the Force be with you" - well as long as the Force is not the OPP.
Back to the most recent "action" taken by Six Nations members was to blockade Highway 6 on 17 October 2013. What role did the OPP play? Traffic cop. They set up two checkpoints to divert traffic away from the blockade site, to allow traffic to funnel through Caledonia during rush hour. What then did they do about the blockade. Nothing. Just let it "run its course" - for 6 hours. So nothing proactive? No. After all this is known in OPP parlance as "Cashedonia", renown for the amount of overtime money it can offer (of course at taxpayers expense).
So this brings me to the definition of "enabler". When used in the medical sense of the term, it typically refers to the husband or wife of a drug addict who "enable" the behaviour, allowing it to continue, by for example calling the workplace to say that their spouse is ill. Of course this almost certainly means that the dysfunctional behaviour will continue unabated, and will as long as those who should really put their foot down and demand that the person go to treatment, or else, fail to do what is really needed! It would have been unimaginable in the Canada of my youth to picture something of the following nature happening, where the OPP become enablers, and thus in this case the Six Nations are emboldened (there are generally no consequences). Like a young child, they have tested the limits, and found that they will be able to get away with just about anything, so the behaviour is bound to escalate. This is an entirely predictable reaction. There is also a sense of empowerment, and a realisation that they are in charge. They call the shots. The rest of the citizens are forced to just grin and bear it (if that is possible after a certain point).
However the other enabler is the Provincial Government. They in theory control the OPP. They could have concluded the obvious, that the flawed Ipperwash Report which recommended that the role of the police in disputes involving Natives change to one of "peacekeeper", makes absolutely no sense given the chaos that resulted at Caledonia in 2006. What did the McGinty Government of Ontario do - absolutely nothing. Not a peep was heard from them. No one came out to see the suffering first hand. After all it was oh so inconvenient. Such an out of the way place - not like Toronto where such antics would never be tolerated. So lets just stick our heads in the sand and pretend there is nothing serious going on. Business as usual. Carry on. No one in Kathleen Wynne's Government (successor to the disgraced McGinty) has set foot in Caledonia - not even the local Member of the Provincial Parliament for the region which includes Haldimand. I don't recall seeing Diane Findlay even once, ever, in or near Caledonia when her support would have been most welcome. No one wants another Ipperwash (Ontario) or Oka (Quebec), so Caledonia will be sacrificed.
While the Federal Government has defered to the Provincial Government in handling the "Caledonia crisis", one Conservative Senator has spoken up. In 2011, Senator Bob Runciman, who had been involved with the Ipperwash Inquiry which ultimately led to the suspension of the Ontario Police Services Act to incorporate a new role for the OPP as "peacekeepers", stated that it was imperative that in inquiry be made into the events of Caledonia and how things went so wrong. Just in dollars and cents, the Provincial tab for this debacle is over $100 million dollars due to one illegal event, that left the OPP with egg all over their faces. Something is very wrong, thus an inquiry is called for - see here.
In 2006 the citizens dreamt that due to the severity of the matter the Federal Government would become involved, and if tanks needed to role, so be it. Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau did this during the FLQ crisis - but that is an action unlikely to be repeated - it was more far-reaching in its consequences than small town Caledonia. Of course the Federal Government simply deferred to the Provincial Government. Although an interesting idea, of course it does not make sense to ask that the Crown, via her representative in Canada the Governor General, address the issue and if need be send in the troops even though the local police were powerless, and individual officers had their hands tied behind their backs by virtue of orders from their superiors. The names of people like Commissioner Julian Fantino will live on in infamy - at least locally.
My point is that the matter needed to be nipped in the bud from the git go, with an assertive response to address the lawlessness that prevailed. The OPP came close to doing this but backed down. For the Six Nations perspective see the above noted, Six Nations at the Crossroads: Douglas Creek Reclamation A Pictorial History. In history, the result of these actions is always the same. The opponent will see this as a weakness and "goes for the jugular" and will continue to do so when the "enemy" lacks spine and backs down every time, in this case in their role as "peacekeeper". Enabler. Enabler. No crystal ball needed, the outcome could easily have been predicted by anyone with a knowledge of human behaviour. The citizens of Caledonia are and will be beat until the OPP cast off their new found role, and return to being the respected "force" they were when I was young. Some to many of the Six Nations believe that they now have a licence to do as they please, and their leaders typically reinforce this attitude, or say nothing. Is the Government aware that the true dyed in the wool radicals at Six Nations are slowly but surely drawing more and more previously moderate types into their web? Surely they, let alone residents of Haldimand County, don't want this to occur.
DeYo.
The events of 28 February 2006 were probably amongst the most dramatic and devastating ever witnessed in this part of Canada, although the crisis at Kanesatake (Oka) in Quebec were in another league due to the level of physical violence and use of an arsenal of weapons.
In 2006 the OPP did not even protect their own officers or other first responders or reporters but stood immobile while Six Nations members zoomed around on ATVs thumbing their noses at one and all. It is not my intention to go over the many many examples of this behaviour on the part of the OPP. A book set to be released by Gary McHale on 9 November 2013 will provide a lot more information. It is entitled, Victory in the No Go Zone: Winning the Fight Against Two - Tiered Policing, Toronto, Freedom Press. I am eager to hear what he has to say. While McHale may be a polarising influence (as some politicians and others have asserted), he and a few others are the only ones to actively pursue the failure of the OPP to do their duty and keep this important issue in the public spotlight. Please read the book by Christie Blatchford discussed in an earlier blog for a better understanding of the abuse of local residents and the role of the OPP and the Government.
To be fair, the OPP did initially attempt to conduct themselves as upholders of the law in Ontario, and their early actions speak loudly at their resolve to carry out their duties, as can be seen to some degree in the video here. In fact, though, they were out of their element. They were outnumbered, outmanoeuvred, and ultimately embarrassed by the increasing throngs that swarmed in from nearby Six Nations to protect members from arrest. Without using strong force, and then almost inevitably being accused of "police brutality", they were beat. They left with their tail between their legs, something that to this day engenders pride in members of the Six Nations. See, Douglas Creek Reclamation: A Pictorial History, Turtle Island News, 2007 (www.turtleislandnews.com) for a very graphic look at what happened in the early days of the "Caledonia crisis".
Despite the numerous protests or actions orchestrated by citizens of Caledonia and local residents since 2006, nothing changes. Attempts have been made to challenge the "right" of Six Nations make claims and demands that have no support in fact - or if they do, the facts have not been presented so that all could evaluate them. Citizens have tried to, for example, place a Canadian flag on the barricades to the former DCE property, to request an apology from Six Nations, to walk on lands that on survey are public, to protest code violations on shops established on "reclaimed" lands, to rally to assert the rights of "regular" Canadian citizens to protest, to test the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, to question "racist" policing, and so on - all largely to no avail.
The protests in the area continued, and the local residents could obtain no respite from the constant harassment now being orchestrated from the DCE, which became kind of a launching pad for insurrection. In 2008 more blockades and more protests, and more Government and OPP inaction. See here.
Mess with Six Nations on any of these issues and you will face an angry nest of wasps, asserting their "rights", frequently propped up by their radical leftist White radical "supporters". Imagine a situation where at any time the Six Nations wishes to disrupt the lives of tax paying citizens of Haldimand or Brant Counties, they appear to have free rein to do so. This was most recently (17 October 2013) shown in the gathering of 150 from the Reserve to shut down Highway 6 south of Caledonia to protest a matter happening in the Province of New Brunswick. Just as has happened time and time again (witnessed by my own eyes), each time those whose role it is to serve and protect in Haldimand County, the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) have abrogated their responsibility. I have been told by officers that their role is as "peacekeeper". Meanwhile the OPP threaten anyone they think may not be Six Nations with arrest if their orders are not obeyed. Officers of the Aboriginal Negotiating Team will, if available, stand in the way of a direct face to face confrontation. In the distance, members of the Six Nations laugh (again I have witnessed this over and over) - they know that the OPP will not protect the citizens, but will simply attempt to keep the local citizens from coming anywhere near the location of the protest. The right of local citizens to protest is not respected, the right of Six Nations to protest (even if the protest is highly disruptive) is protected by the OPP. Two tiered policing. It is a sick joke to any who have watched this in motion. So the old expression from the movie, "Star Wars" takes on a new significance. "May the Force be with you" - well as long as the Force is not the OPP.
Back to the most recent "action" taken by Six Nations members was to blockade Highway 6 on 17 October 2013. What role did the OPP play? Traffic cop. They set up two checkpoints to divert traffic away from the blockade site, to allow traffic to funnel through Caledonia during rush hour. What then did they do about the blockade. Nothing. Just let it "run its course" - for 6 hours. So nothing proactive? No. After all this is known in OPP parlance as "Cashedonia", renown for the amount of overtime money it can offer (of course at taxpayers expense).
So this brings me to the definition of "enabler". When used in the medical sense of the term, it typically refers to the husband or wife of a drug addict who "enable" the behaviour, allowing it to continue, by for example calling the workplace to say that their spouse is ill. Of course this almost certainly means that the dysfunctional behaviour will continue unabated, and will as long as those who should really put their foot down and demand that the person go to treatment, or else, fail to do what is really needed! It would have been unimaginable in the Canada of my youth to picture something of the following nature happening, where the OPP become enablers, and thus in this case the Six Nations are emboldened (there are generally no consequences). Like a young child, they have tested the limits, and found that they will be able to get away with just about anything, so the behaviour is bound to escalate. This is an entirely predictable reaction. There is also a sense of empowerment, and a realisation that they are in charge. They call the shots. The rest of the citizens are forced to just grin and bear it (if that is possible after a certain point).
However the other enabler is the Provincial Government. They in theory control the OPP. They could have concluded the obvious, that the flawed Ipperwash Report which recommended that the role of the police in disputes involving Natives change to one of "peacekeeper", makes absolutely no sense given the chaos that resulted at Caledonia in 2006. What did the McGinty Government of Ontario do - absolutely nothing. Not a peep was heard from them. No one came out to see the suffering first hand. After all it was oh so inconvenient. Such an out of the way place - not like Toronto where such antics would never be tolerated. So lets just stick our heads in the sand and pretend there is nothing serious going on. Business as usual. Carry on. No one in Kathleen Wynne's Government (successor to the disgraced McGinty) has set foot in Caledonia - not even the local Member of the Provincial Parliament for the region which includes Haldimand. I don't recall seeing Diane Findlay even once, ever, in or near Caledonia when her support would have been most welcome. No one wants another Ipperwash (Ontario) or Oka (Quebec), so Caledonia will be sacrificed.
While the Federal Government has defered to the Provincial Government in handling the "Caledonia crisis", one Conservative Senator has spoken up. In 2011, Senator Bob Runciman, who had been involved with the Ipperwash Inquiry which ultimately led to the suspension of the Ontario Police Services Act to incorporate a new role for the OPP as "peacekeepers", stated that it was imperative that in inquiry be made into the events of Caledonia and how things went so wrong. Just in dollars and cents, the Provincial tab for this debacle is over $100 million dollars due to one illegal event, that left the OPP with egg all over their faces. Something is very wrong, thus an inquiry is called for - see here.
In 2006 the citizens dreamt that due to the severity of the matter the Federal Government would become involved, and if tanks needed to role, so be it. Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau did this during the FLQ crisis - but that is an action unlikely to be repeated - it was more far-reaching in its consequences than small town Caledonia. Of course the Federal Government simply deferred to the Provincial Government. Although an interesting idea, of course it does not make sense to ask that the Crown, via her representative in Canada the Governor General, address the issue and if need be send in the troops even though the local police were powerless, and individual officers had their hands tied behind their backs by virtue of orders from their superiors. The names of people like Commissioner Julian Fantino will live on in infamy - at least locally.
My point is that the matter needed to be nipped in the bud from the git go, with an assertive response to address the lawlessness that prevailed. The OPP came close to doing this but backed down. For the Six Nations perspective see the above noted, Six Nations at the Crossroads: Douglas Creek Reclamation A Pictorial History. In history, the result of these actions is always the same. The opponent will see this as a weakness and "goes for the jugular" and will continue to do so when the "enemy" lacks spine and backs down every time, in this case in their role as "peacekeeper". Enabler. Enabler. No crystal ball needed, the outcome could easily have been predicted by anyone with a knowledge of human behaviour. The citizens of Caledonia are and will be beat until the OPP cast off their new found role, and return to being the respected "force" they were when I was young. Some to many of the Six Nations believe that they now have a licence to do as they please, and their leaders typically reinforce this attitude, or say nothing. Is the Government aware that the true dyed in the wool radicals at Six Nations are slowly but surely drawing more and more previously moderate types into their web? Surely they, let alone residents of Haldimand County, don't want this to occur.
DeYo.
Activism and Apathy at Six Nations
Two words, both beginning with A, and apparently opposites of sorts, can come into play at Six Nations - to the frustration of non-Native and Natives alike. So how can these polar opposites occur at the same time in the same community? I don't have an answer to that question, but will simply provide one classic instance of each, both reported in Turtle Island News, one week apart.
First the activism. Activism is nothing new at Six Nations. Examples abound of those at Six Nations who were active politically and who set out to seek remediation for what they saw as injustices. One only has to look at the General Family as an example. The well known Deskahe, Cayuga Chief Levi General took the complaints of his constituents to the League of Nations in the years leading up to the well known change from the Hereditary Council (of which Deskahe was a member) to the Elected Council in 1924 (see here). His niece Emily General followed in her uncle's footsteps and directly approached the British Crown in 1930 to explain how Six Nations saw themselves as allies, not subjects, of the Crown. Although she was unsuccessful, her efforts speak loudly as to her zeal (see here).
Certainly ever since 2006, people of Six Nations have shown an amazing ability to congregate in large numbers at a moment's notice. For this reason, the activism tends to take place in close proximity to the present Reserve - but not on the Reserve - something a cynic would cite as a willingness to disrupt the lives of their neighbour's community, but not their own Community.
For some time there have been violent disputes between the Elsipogotog First Nations people of New Brunswick and the RCMP over the practise of "fracking" in the search for natural gas - due to perceived potential environmental damage (a view I happen to share). However in the days before 17 October 2013 the confrontations turned violent with the hurling of Molotov coctails at RCMP and vehicles, thus burning the vehicles sreated nothing but tons of scrap metal. 40 people (Natives and their supporters) were arrested in a jurisdiction where the police are actually willing to enforce the law and apply it equally to all - something the people of Haldimand County do not enjoy. Turtle Island News (TIN) of 22 October 2013 (p. 2) reported that, Turtle Island News Facebook and Twitter exploded with updates on the situation and soon, communities across the country were organising and planning rallies and protests in support of the Elsipogtog Mi'qmaq First Nations. It seems then that what followed at Six Nations was a direct function of the buzz in social media created by Turtle Island News - at least that is what the newspaper seems to be saying here and in the following excerpt:
Six Nations people arrived in droves to the intersection of Hwy. 6 and Fifth Line, just outside Caledonia, Ont., around 3 p.m. after a call - out for a blockade went up on both Facebook and Twitter and Turtle Island News social media sites exploded with information, updates and questions as Turtle Island News social media managers updated the sites as it happened.
I do not follow Facebook or Twitter, so was quite ignorant of what was going on - other than the fact that I was in traffic bumper to bumper on both sides of Highway 6 - so do not have personal knowledge of who was there. TIN did report that, Many of the same faces from the Caledonia land reclamation turned out for the show of support, including Janie Jamieson, one of the main spokeswomen during the reclamation. Also among the throng was Aaron Detlor the legal advisor of the HDI, and Melba Thomas of the Six Nations Elected Council (SNEC).
So the point here is that at the drop of a hat, one might expect 150 or more Six Nations activists to appear minutes to a spot designated as the site of an action of some sort. That is pretty impressive, and one wonders if these people had a job, or ditched school, or were retired, or jumped up from their desks at work to attend this rally. How could this happen? The response was virtually instantaneous for something that was perceived as a "cause" - although it was not one that anything whatsoever to do with Haldimand County which bore the direct effect of this action.
The subject is immensely complicated by various cross currents and inconsistencies. It was quite a surprise to see the pictures of Floyd Montour and his wife Ruby Montour on the front pages of an Indian newspaper in what amounts to a new role for them (Turtle Island News, 23 October 2013 and 6 November 2013 respectively). For years this couple has been known for their direct activism in virtually any contest where it was generally Six Nations versus the local Haldimand Community. Whether it be the DCE confrontations with Gary McHale, or at the hamburger facility, or ranging as far as Dundalk at the headwaters of the Grand River to support local residents against a sewage sludge issue. Now, a few months later, on the front page of above TIN issue where a picture of Ruby was shown (as ever sporting her "traditional" red hat), and the caption read, "former activist Ruby Montour". How can one be a former activist when one is front and centre at a local land claim - related protest? However in this instance, she and Floyd were at the Erie Avenue development site as supporters of the housing development.
I suspect that by showing support for the Mohawk Workers and their deal with the owners of the undertaking (one White fellow, and two Six Nations members) they are in this instance perceived as not following "protocol" as mandated by the HDI with Hazel Hill being the spokesperson for this group, demanding that for example a new archaeological survey be conducted. Perhaps the sobering reality of the consequences of "activism" in the form of illegal work blockages is beginning to sink in. Developers have begun to sue members of the HDI and their supporters directly, and when these protesters hand in their legal bills to the Elected Council for payment, they are meeting with a frosty reception, as outlined in a letter to the Editor of Turtle Island News by Councillor Helen Miller - see here. One would think that this could dampen the enthusiasm of protester likely to face Court Injunctions which also include fines levied against the specific participants, with the demand that the latter pay the fine themselves, not via a third party.
Second the apathy. The Editor of Turtle Island News (TIN), on page 6 of the 30 October 2013 edition, wrote a very interesting article on the apathy at Six Nations which allows "mediocrity" to flourish. Some of the points raised by Lynda Powless include the observation that in the upcoming Six Nations Elected Band Council (SNEC) elections, in three of its six districts, individuals were "acclaimed to their seats". No opportunity for voters to grill them on their performance or justify their actions - just an automatic re-seating. The Editor's take on this is that, It has everything to do with voter apathy in a community where it appears the great divide between the confederacy council and its supporters and the elected band council and its voters has gotten even wider. In the last two elections voter turnout has actually dropped.
The Editor looks to explanations in the way the elected system operates and behaves (which she articulates later in the editorial). She expresses particular concern over the youth who are not invested in the process and disillusioned about the outcomes. As an example, they watched as an elected system that appeared to have no stability as the community was hit by one time chiefs and council bickering and continues to this day. And when unity first reared its head at the land rights negotiations table, the band council walked away leaving behind a unity chasm that continues to grow. Again, hardly inspiring for future community leaders.
Ms. Powless is very emphatic in stating that a system needs to be in place that attracts the best possible person for the job, someone who believes strongly in unity. It is critically important, says Ms. Powless to foster those with leadership potential, those who are dedicated to public service. The outcome, otherwise, is mediocrity.
Perhaps the apathy is much more widespread beyond merely politics. I went to a recent Community forum where there were 8 knowledgeable people available to answer questions about a proposal that needed to be discussed. In the 30 minutes I was there, I remained the one and only non staff person in the room. That is very sad indeed. I felt very upset for those committed individuals who were willing to give of their time, and had clearly put in a lot of effort to prepare for the meeting. How disappointing and discouraging. Doesn't anyone care unless it appears as a Twitter feed and an opportunity presented to gather with those who feel passionate about some cause - whether it has any direct bearing on Six Nations or not. Words fail me here.
DeYo.
First the activism. Activism is nothing new at Six Nations. Examples abound of those at Six Nations who were active politically and who set out to seek remediation for what they saw as injustices. One only has to look at the General Family as an example. The well known Deskahe, Cayuga Chief Levi General took the complaints of his constituents to the League of Nations in the years leading up to the well known change from the Hereditary Council (of which Deskahe was a member) to the Elected Council in 1924 (see here). His niece Emily General followed in her uncle's footsteps and directly approached the British Crown in 1930 to explain how Six Nations saw themselves as allies, not subjects, of the Crown. Although she was unsuccessful, her efforts speak loudly as to her zeal (see here).
Certainly ever since 2006, people of Six Nations have shown an amazing ability to congregate in large numbers at a moment's notice. For this reason, the activism tends to take place in close proximity to the present Reserve - but not on the Reserve - something a cynic would cite as a willingness to disrupt the lives of their neighbour's community, but not their own Community.
For some time there have been violent disputes between the Elsipogotog First Nations people of New Brunswick and the RCMP over the practise of "fracking" in the search for natural gas - due to perceived potential environmental damage (a view I happen to share). However in the days before 17 October 2013 the confrontations turned violent with the hurling of Molotov coctails at RCMP and vehicles, thus burning the vehicles sreated nothing but tons of scrap metal. 40 people (Natives and their supporters) were arrested in a jurisdiction where the police are actually willing to enforce the law and apply it equally to all - something the people of Haldimand County do not enjoy. Turtle Island News (TIN) of 22 October 2013 (p. 2) reported that, Turtle Island News Facebook and Twitter exploded with updates on the situation and soon, communities across the country were organising and planning rallies and protests in support of the Elsipogtog Mi'qmaq First Nations. It seems then that what followed at Six Nations was a direct function of the buzz in social media created by Turtle Island News - at least that is what the newspaper seems to be saying here and in the following excerpt:
Six Nations people arrived in droves to the intersection of Hwy. 6 and Fifth Line, just outside Caledonia, Ont., around 3 p.m. after a call - out for a blockade went up on both Facebook and Twitter and Turtle Island News social media sites exploded with information, updates and questions as Turtle Island News social media managers updated the sites as it happened.
I do not follow Facebook or Twitter, so was quite ignorant of what was going on - other than the fact that I was in traffic bumper to bumper on both sides of Highway 6 - so do not have personal knowledge of who was there. TIN did report that, Many of the same faces from the Caledonia land reclamation turned out for the show of support, including Janie Jamieson, one of the main spokeswomen during the reclamation. Also among the throng was Aaron Detlor the legal advisor of the HDI, and Melba Thomas of the Six Nations Elected Council (SNEC).
So the point here is that at the drop of a hat, one might expect 150 or more Six Nations activists to appear minutes to a spot designated as the site of an action of some sort. That is pretty impressive, and one wonders if these people had a job, or ditched school, or were retired, or jumped up from their desks at work to attend this rally. How could this happen? The response was virtually instantaneous for something that was perceived as a "cause" - although it was not one that anything whatsoever to do with Haldimand County which bore the direct effect of this action.
The subject is immensely complicated by various cross currents and inconsistencies. It was quite a surprise to see the pictures of Floyd Montour and his wife Ruby Montour on the front pages of an Indian newspaper in what amounts to a new role for them (Turtle Island News, 23 October 2013 and 6 November 2013 respectively). For years this couple has been known for their direct activism in virtually any contest where it was generally Six Nations versus the local Haldimand Community. Whether it be the DCE confrontations with Gary McHale, or at the hamburger facility, or ranging as far as Dundalk at the headwaters of the Grand River to support local residents against a sewage sludge issue. Now, a few months later, on the front page of above TIN issue where a picture of Ruby was shown (as ever sporting her "traditional" red hat), and the caption read, "former activist Ruby Montour". How can one be a former activist when one is front and centre at a local land claim - related protest? However in this instance, she and Floyd were at the Erie Avenue development site as supporters of the housing development.
I suspect that by showing support for the Mohawk Workers and their deal with the owners of the undertaking (one White fellow, and two Six Nations members) they are in this instance perceived as not following "protocol" as mandated by the HDI with Hazel Hill being the spokesperson for this group, demanding that for example a new archaeological survey be conducted. Perhaps the sobering reality of the consequences of "activism" in the form of illegal work blockages is beginning to sink in. Developers have begun to sue members of the HDI and their supporters directly, and when these protesters hand in their legal bills to the Elected Council for payment, they are meeting with a frosty reception, as outlined in a letter to the Editor of Turtle Island News by Councillor Helen Miller - see here. One would think that this could dampen the enthusiasm of protester likely to face Court Injunctions which also include fines levied against the specific participants, with the demand that the latter pay the fine themselves, not via a third party.
Second the apathy. The Editor of Turtle Island News (TIN), on page 6 of the 30 October 2013 edition, wrote a very interesting article on the apathy at Six Nations which allows "mediocrity" to flourish. Some of the points raised by Lynda Powless include the observation that in the upcoming Six Nations Elected Band Council (SNEC) elections, in three of its six districts, individuals were "acclaimed to their seats". No opportunity for voters to grill them on their performance or justify their actions - just an automatic re-seating. The Editor's take on this is that, It has everything to do with voter apathy in a community where it appears the great divide between the confederacy council and its supporters and the elected band council and its voters has gotten even wider. In the last two elections voter turnout has actually dropped.
The Editor looks to explanations in the way the elected system operates and behaves (which she articulates later in the editorial). She expresses particular concern over the youth who are not invested in the process and disillusioned about the outcomes. As an example, they watched as an elected system that appeared to have no stability as the community was hit by one time chiefs and council bickering and continues to this day. And when unity first reared its head at the land rights negotiations table, the band council walked away leaving behind a unity chasm that continues to grow. Again, hardly inspiring for future community leaders.
Ms. Powless is very emphatic in stating that a system needs to be in place that attracts the best possible person for the job, someone who believes strongly in unity. It is critically important, says Ms. Powless to foster those with leadership potential, those who are dedicated to public service. The outcome, otherwise, is mediocrity.
Perhaps the apathy is much more widespread beyond merely politics. I went to a recent Community forum where there were 8 knowledgeable people available to answer questions about a proposal that needed to be discussed. In the 30 minutes I was there, I remained the one and only non staff person in the room. That is very sad indeed. I felt very upset for those committed individuals who were willing to give of their time, and had clearly put in a lot of effort to prepare for the meeting. How disappointing and discouraging. Doesn't anyone care unless it appears as a Twitter feed and an opportunity presented to gather with those who feel passionate about some cause - whether it has any direct bearing on Six Nations or not. Words fail me here.
DeYo.
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